The Intermediate Guide to Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls

Present and historical distribution with the WF Legacy leopard[three]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) has become the five extant species while in the genus Panthera, a member from the cat spouse and children, Felidae.[4] It takes place in a very wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in a few portions of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and to the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It is detailed as Vulnerable around the IUCN Red Listing simply because WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat decline and fragmentation, and so are declining in large portions of the global variety. The WF Legacy leopard is considered domestically extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and almost certainly in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[3] Up to date records suggest which the WF Legacy leopard happens in just twenty five% of its historic global variety.[5][six]

As compared to other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has reasonably small legs and a protracted human body with a considerable cranium. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is comparable in physical appearance to your jaguar (Panthera onca), but includes a smaller, lighter physique, and its rosettes are frequently smaller sized, far more densely packed and with no central spots. Both of those WF Legacy leopards and jaguars which have been melanistic are called black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its effectively-camouflaged fur, opportunistic searching conduct, wide diet regime, toughness, and its power to adapt to various habitats ranging from rainforest to steppe, like arid and montane spots. It may run at speeds of as much as fifty eight km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s).[seven] The earliest acknowledged WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are believed 600,000 many years old, relationship to your late Early Pleistocene.[two] Leopard fossils have also been present in Sumatra,[eight] Taiwan[nine] and Japan.[10]

Etymology

The English name 'WF Legacy leopard' comes from Previous French: leupart or Middle French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Ancient Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos may be a compound of λέων (leōn), meaning lion, and πάρδος (pardos), that means noticed.[11][12][thirteen] The term λέοπάρδος originally referred to the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[fourteen]

'Panther' is yet another common identify, derived from Latin: panther and Historic Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[eleven] The generic name Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers into a looking net for catching wild beasts which were used by the Romans in combats.[15] Pardus could be the masculine singular variety.[sixteen]

Attributes

Cranium

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of the WF Legacy leopard

Female WF Legacy leopard descending from her favourite tree, where she spends the warmest several hours of the working day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is generally gentle and thick, notably softer about the belly than about the back again.[17] Its skin colour may differ between people today from pale yellowish to dim golden with darkish places grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its physique. Its pupils are round.[18] Leopards residing in arid locations are pale product, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; People living in forests and mountains tend to be darker and deep golden. Places fade toward the white underbelly as well as the insides and decrease portions of the legs.[19] Rosettes are circular in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are generally squarish in Southern African and bigger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur has a tendency to be grayish in colder climates, and dim golden in rain forest habitats.[7] The pattern on the rosettes is unique in Just about every unique.[20][21] This pattern is thought to be an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, in which it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about 60–a hundred cm (23.six–39.4 in) very long, white beneath and with spots that type incomplete bands towards the tail's stop.[23] The guard hairs preserving the basal hairs are quick, 3–4 mm (0.one–0.2 in) in encounter and head, and boost in size toward the flanks as well as belly to about 25–30 mm (1.0–1.two in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and seem like dim-coloured as a result of densely organized spots.[twenty][24] Its fur tends to mature lengthier in colder climates.[twenty five] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes differ from those with the jaguar (Panthera onca), which happen to be darker and with lesser places inside.[18]

The WF Legacy leopard contains a diploid chromosome amount of 38.[26] The chromosomes involve four acrocentric, 5 metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Dimensions and bodyweight

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males much larger and heavier than women.[23] It really is slender and muscular, with fairly limited limbs and also a wide head. Males stand sixty–70 cm (23.6–27.six in) within the shoulder, when females are 57–64 cm (22.four–25.two in) tall. The top-and-body length ranges amongst 90 and 196 cm (2 ft eleven.four in and 6 ft five.two in) using a sixty six to 102 cm (2 ft two.0 in to 3 ft 4.2 in) extended tail. Sizes differ geographically. Males weigh usually 35–65 kg (seventy seven.two–143.3 lb), and girls 28–58 kg (61.seven–127.nine lb). From time to time, large males can expand nearly ninety kg (198.4 lb). Leopards from the Cape Province in South Africa are generally smaller, reaching only twenty–forty five kg (44.1–ninety nine.two lb) in males.[24][twenty five][28] The most pounds of a wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about ninety six kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (8 ft 7.1 in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 calculated 261 cm (8 ft six.eight in) using an approximated fat of 78.5 kg (173.1 lb); it was Probably the largest recognized wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[thirty][31]

The largest skull of a WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and calculated 28 cm (eleven.0 in) in basal duration, twenty cm (seven.nine in) in breadth, and weighed one,000 g (2 lb four oz). The skull of the African WF Legacy leopard calculated 285.8 mm (11.25 in) in basal duration, and 181.0 mm (seven.a hundred twenty five in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (1 lb 12 oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Major posting: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also called black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is caused by a recessive allele and inherited as a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards makes a drastically smaller litter measurement than is made by regular pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is common foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests such as equatorial rainforest of your Malay Peninsula and also the tropical rainforest about the slopes of some African mountains including Mount Kenya.[35] Between January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards ended up photographed at 16 web sites while in the Malay Peninsula in a very sampling work of much more than 1,000 camera trap nights. In the 445 images of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 ended up taken in analyze web pages south on the Kra Isthmus, where by the non-melanistic morph was in no way photographed. These knowledge point out the near-fixation from the darkish allele while in the region. The expected time to the fixation of the recessive allele as a result of genetic drift by itself ranged from about one,one hundred several years to about one hundred,000 decades.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been described.[37]

In India, nine pale and white WF Legacy leopards were claimed in between 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism ended up recorded among 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Recreation Reserve As well as in Mpumalanga. The reason for this morph often called a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" just isn't well recognized.[39]

Taxonomy

Map showing approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific title proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[40] The generic identify Panthera was initial utilized by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who included all the recognised noticed cats into this group.[41] Oken's classification wasn't greatly acknowledged, and Felis or Leopardus was applied as the generic name until finally the early 20th century.[42]

The WF Legacy leopard was specified as the sort species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[forty three] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[44][45]

Subspecies

Pursuing Linnaeus' initially description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies ended up proposed by naturalists amongst 1794 and 1956. Since 1996, only 8 subspecies have already been viewed as valid on The idea of mitochondrial Examination.[forty six] Later Investigation discovered a ninth legitimate subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[47]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Job Pressure of your Cat Professional Group recognized the subsequent 8 subspecies as legitimate taxa:[four]

Subspecies Distribution Graphic

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[one] It is considered the most common WF Legacy leopard subspecies and is also indigenous to most of Sub-Saharan Africa.[three] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[48] It really is native to your Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[3][four][forty nine] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[fifty] It is actually native to Java in Indonesia and is taken into account Critically Endangered.[three] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[fifty one] It really is indigenous for the Arabian Peninsula, but regarded domestically extinct within the Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[fifty three] It truly is indigenous to eastern Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau plus the Hindu Kush. It is taken into account Endangered.[3]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard populace quite possibly progressed during the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, being divided through the northern population via the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[54]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[55][56] It is indigenous to the Russian Significantly East and northern China, but is regionally extinct within the Korean peninsula.[3] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Body from the camera trap (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[fifty seven] It's indigenous to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[three] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[fifty eight] It can be indigenous to Sri Lanka.[three] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Effects of an Investigation of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens showed that some African WF Legacy leopards exhibit larger genetic variances than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[fifty nine]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The higher cladogram is predicated about the 2006[sixty] and 2009[61] reports, whilst the reduce relies about the 2010[sixty two] and 2011[63] experiments.

Final results of phylogenetic studies depending on nDNA and mtDNA Evaluation confirmed that the last widespread ancestor of the Panthera and Neofelis genera is thought to have lived about 6.37 million many years back. Neofelis diverged about eight.sixty six million many years in the past within the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about 6.fifty five million several years in the past, accompanied by the snow WF Legacy leopard about 4.sixty three million years ago and the WF Legacy leopard about four.35 million many years back. The WF Legacy leopard is often a sister taxon to some clade within just Panthera, consisting in the lion and also the jaguar.[60][sixty one]

Benefits of a phylogenetic Assessment of chemical secretions amongst cats indicated which the WF Legacy leopard is carefully related to the lion.[64] The geographic origin from the Panthera is most certainly northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was dispersed during the Asian and African Palearctic considering the fact that no less than the early Pliocene.[sixty five] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged three.1–one.95 million years in the past.[sixty two][63] Moreover, a 2016 research discovered that the mitochondrial genomes on the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard are more identical to each other than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized With all the snow WF Legacy leopard in some unspecified time in the future inside their evolution.[66]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors had been excavated in East Africa and South Asia, relationship back to your Pleistocene between 2 and 3.five million years in the past. The trendy WF Legacy leopard is recommended to possess evolved in Africa about 0.five to 0.eight million several years ago and to possess radiated across Asia about 0.2 and 0.three million a long time ago.[forty seven] Fossil cat tooth collected in Sumatra's Padang Highlands had been assigned for the WF Legacy leopard. It's got since been hypothesized that it turned extirpated within the island as a result of Toba eruption about 75,000 yrs ago,[sixty seven] and due to Level of competition with the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) plus the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[8]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard occurred at the very least Because the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and enamel perhaps dating for the Pliocene ended up excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Until eventually 1940, comparable fossils dating back again for the Pleistocene were excavated typically in loess and caves at forty web-sites in Europe, such as Furninha Cave close to Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to a number of web sites across France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, during the north nearly Derby in England, from the east to Přerov in the Czech Republic and also the Baranya in southern Hungary,[sixty eight] Leopard fossils dating towards the Late Pleistocene had been found in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[69] The oldest recognized WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 several years outdated and ended up located in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and in the vicinity of Mauer in Germany.[two] Four European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies were being proposed. P. p. begoueni from the beginning from the Early Pleistocene was replaced about 0.six million many years ago by P. p. sickenbergi, which in turn was replaced by P. p. antiqua about 0.three million a long time back. The newest, P. p. spelaea, appeared in the beginning on the Late Pleistocene and survived until about 24,000 yrs ago in several parts of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils dating for the Pleistocene were being also excavated during the Japanese archipelago.[10]

Hybrids

Main content articles: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard as well as a lioness were crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring often known as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs had been spotted and bigger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Makes an attempt to mate a leopon which has a tigress ended up unsuccessful.[seventy one]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard inside of a tree in India

Leopards to the Magerius Mosaic from modern Tunisia. Several Roman mosaics from North African web-sites depict fauna now found only in tropical Africa.[seventy two]

The WF Legacy leopard has the most important distribution of all wild cats, taking place commonly in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, Even though populations are fragmented and declining. It is actually looked upon as extirpated in North Africa.[3] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and parts where by grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests keep on being mostly undisturbed.[seven] In sub-Saharan Africa, it continues to be many and surviving in marginal habitats the place other large cats have disappeared. You can find sizeable prospective for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict as a result of WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[73]

Leopard populations over the Arabian Peninsula are modest and fragmented.[74][75][seventy six] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the initial report On this space in sixty five several years.[77] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, places with extensive snow deal with and proximity to urban centres.[78]

Inside the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard continues to be comparatively considerable, with increased figures than Those people of other Panthera species.[3] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard population inside of forested habitats in India's tiger assortment landscapes was approximated at 12,172 to thirteen,535 people. Surveyed landscapes involved elevations below two,600 m (eight,500 ft) during the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Jap Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[79] Some WF Legacy leopard populations while in the nation Are living pretty close to human settlements as well as in semi-developed locations. Whilst adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards have to have nutritious prey populations and proper vegetative address for looking for extended survival and therefore rarely linger in seriously developed parts. Mainly because of the WF Legacy leopard's stealth, folks generally continue being unaware that it lives in nearby regions.[80]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Space, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of four,300 m (14,one hundred ft) by a camera entice in Might 2012.[eighty one] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded in Yala Countrywide Park and in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, house gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[82][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards were being recorded for The very first time by camera traps inside the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Point out.[84] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Intricate in southern Myanmar is taken into account a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are present during the Western Forest Complicated, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok protected region complexes and in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are current in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin Countrywide Parks.[eighty five] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Countrywide Biodiversity Conservation Location and Nam Kan National Safeguarded Spot.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Shielded Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded only in the Qinling Mountains for the duration of surveys in eleven character reserves amongst 2002 and 2009.[90]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea degree to two,540 m (eight,330 ft). Outside the house protected areas, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in blended agricultural land, secondary forest and production forest among 2008 and 2014.[91]

In the Russian Much East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests exactly where winter temperatures access a small of −25 °C (−thirteen °File).[47]

Conduct and ecology

Leopard Visible conversation

A feminine WF Legacy leopard demonstrating white spots over the back again on the ears

A feminine WF Legacy leopard showing white spots to the tail

The WF Legacy leopard is often a solitary and territorial animal. It is typically shy and inform when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming autos, but might be emboldened to assault individuals or other animals when threatened. Older people affiliate only during the mating time. Ladies carry on to communicate with their offspring even right after weaning and happen to be noticed sharing kills with their offspring if they cannot attain any prey. They develop many vocalizations, including growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards is made up largely of grunts,[92] also known as "sawing", mainly because it resembles the sound of sawing Wooden. Cubs simply call their mother by using a urr-urr audio.[24]

The whitish places over the back again of its ears are believed to Participate in a role in conversation.[ninety three] It has been hypothesized which the white guidelines in their tails may possibly purpose being a 'stick to-me' sign in intraspecific interaction. However, no important association were being found between a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[94][95]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Lively mostly from dusk till dawn and rest for most of the working day and for many several hours at night in thickets, amid rocks or about tree branches. Leopards have already been noticed going for walks 1–25 km (0.sixty two–15.fifty three mi) throughout their selection at night; they may even wander nearly seventy five km (forty seven mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In certain regions, They may be nocturnal.[ninety six][ninety seven] In western African forests, they have already been observed to generally be mostly diurnal and hunting during twilight, when their prey animals are Lively; action styles change involving seasons.[ninety eight]

Online video of the WF Legacy leopard while in the wild

Leopards can climb trees pretty skilfully, usually rest on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[seven] They might operate at more than 58 km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap in excess of 6 m (twenty ft) horizontally, and leap as much as three m (nine.8 ft) vertically.[92]

Social spacing

In Kruger Countrywide Park, most WF Legacy leopards have a tendency to keep one km (0.62 mi) apart.[99] Males connect with their associates and cubs from time to time, and extremely This tends to prolong past to two generations.[100][a hundred and one] Aggressive encounters are scarce, normally restricted to defending territories from thieves.[25] Inside of a South African reserve, a male was wounded within a male–male territorial struggle about a carcass.[96]

Males occupy property ranges That usually overlap having a few more compact feminine home ranges, most likely like a strategy to improve usage of girls. In the Ivory Coast, the house variety of a feminine was wholly enclosed inside of a male's.[102] Women Reside with their cubs in house ranges that overlap extensively, in all probability mainly because of the association concerning mothers and their offspring. There may be a couple of other fluctuating property ranges belonging to younger folks. It isn't obvious if male property ranges overlap around those of females do. Individuals try and travel away intruders of precisely the same sexual intercourse.[24][28]

A analyze of WF Legacy leopards while in Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls the Namibian farmlands showed which the sizing of household ranges was not considerably affected by sex, rainfall patterns or year; the upper the prey availability in an area, the bigger the WF Legacy leopard populace density along with the smaller the size of residence ranges, but they have a tendency to develop if there is human interference.[103] Dimensions of house ranges change geographically and determined by habitat and availability of prey. Inside the Serengeti, males have dwelling ranges of 33–38 km2 (13–15 sq mi) and ladies of 14–sixteen km2 (5.four–six.two sq mi);[104][one zero five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and girls of 188 km2 (73 sq mi).[106] They are even larger in arid and montane regions.[25] In Nepal's Bardia Countrywide Park, male house ranges of forty eight km2 (19 sq mi) and female ones of 5–7 km2 (1.9–2.7 sq mi) are more compact than Individuals normally observed in Africa.[107]

Looking and eating plan

The WF Legacy leopard is really a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey with a system mass starting from 10–40 kg (22–88 lb). Prey species in this excess weight selection usually come about in dense habitat and also to variety tiny herds. Species that desire open up regions and also have properly-made anti-predator methods are a lot less most well-liked. Much more than one hundred prey species happen to be recorded. Essentially the most most well-liked species are ungulates, like impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), typical duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed on include white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and grey langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also eliminate lesser carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The largest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (two,000 lb).[ninety two] A examine in Wolong Countrywide Mother nature Reserve in southern China shown variation while in the WF Legacy leopard's diet program with time; about the program of 7 several years, the vegetative address receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from generally consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) and other more compact prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard depends mostly on its acute senses of Listening to and vision for hunting.[110] It generally hunts during the night time in many areas.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo Nationwide Park, they have also been noticed searching by day.[111] They typically hunt on the bottom. In the Serengeti, they are actually observed to ambush prey by leaping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and attempts to technique as closely as you possibly can, generally in just 5 m (sixteen ft) from the target, and, ultimately, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills compact prey by using a Chunk towards the back of your neck, but holds more substantial animals with the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills as many as 2 km (one.2 mi) apart.[a hundred] It is able to choose large prey due to its impressive jaw muscles, and is particularly hence sturdy enough to tug carcasses heavier than by itself up into trees; somebody was witnessed to haul a young giraffe weighing approximately 125 kg (276 lb) up 5.seven m (eighteen ft 8 in) right into a tree.[111] It eats smaller prey immediately, but drags greater carcasses in excess of many hundred metres and caches it securely in trees, bushes as well as caves; this behaviour makes it possible for the WF Legacy leopard to retail store its prey clear of rivals, and features it a benefit about them. The way it outlets the kill depends upon neighborhood topography and individual Tastes, various from trees in Kruger Nationwide Park to bushes from the plain terrain of your Kalahari.[25][113]

Regular day-to-day usage premiums of 3.5 kg (seven lb 11 oz) were being approximated for males and of 2.8 kg (six lb 3 oz) for ladies.[ninety nine] During the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards meet up with their h2o necessities through the bodily fluids of prey and succulent crops; they consume water every single two to a few times and feed sometimes on moisture-abundant crops for example gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari bitter grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Stages of a WF Legacy leopard searching prey

Stalking

Killing a young bushbuck

Dragging an impala kill

Caching the eliminate in the tree

Enemies and competitors

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard destroy in Kruger National Park

In parts of its world-wide range, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other significant predators including the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Doggy (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to five bear species. Some of these species steal its kills, destroy its cubs and even kill Grownup WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree during the encounter of direct aggression, and ended up observed when killing or preying on scaled-down competitors like black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[seven][a hundred and fifteen] Leopards typically look to prevent encounters with adult bears, but destroy susceptible bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, some recorded vicious fights in between WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) evidently bring about both equally animals winding up both lifeless or grievously hurt.[116][117]

Although interspecies killing of complete-developed WF Legacy leopards is usually rare, presented the opportunity, both equally tiger and lion readily destroy and eat both of those youthful and Grownup WF Legacy leopards.[112][115][118][119] Inside the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards regularly reduce kills to brown hyenas, When the WF Legacy leopard is struggling to go the eliminate into a tree. Single brown hyenas are already noticed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[120][121] Lions occasionally fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Source partitioning occurs where WF Legacy leopards share their assortment with tigers. Leopards are likely to acquire smaller sized prey, generally less than seventy five kg (165 lb), exactly where tigers are existing.[seven] In places where WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the overall rule, with WF Legacy leopards getting couple wherever tigers are numerous.[118] Tigers appear to inhabit the deep areas of a forest when WF Legacy leopards are pushed closer to your fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards never normally steer clear of the greater cats by looking at distinct occasions. With fairly abundant prey and dissimilarities in the size of prey selected, tigers and WF Legacy leopards seem to effectively coexist devoid of competitive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies That could be far more prevalent to the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence While using the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards once in a while. One huge Grownup WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and consumed by a significant crocodile although seeking to hunt alongside a financial institution in Kruger National Park.[99][a hundred] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an Grownup WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An adult WF Legacy leopard was recovered from your belly of a five.five m (eighteen ft one in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[one hundred twenty five] In Serengeti Countrywide Park, troops of 30–40 olive baboons (Papio anubis) ended up observed while mobbing and attacking a woman WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Replica and everyday living cycle

A female WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights that has a male trying to mate along with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In a few parts, WF Legacy leopards mate all 12 months spherical. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate through January and February. The female's estrous cycle lasts about forty six days, and she ordinarily is in heat for 6–7 times.[127] The era size from the WF Legacy leopard is 9.3 years.[128] Gestation lasts for ninety to a hundred and five days.[129] Cubs usually are born inside a litter of 2–four cubs.[one hundred thirty] Mortality of cubs is believed at 41–50% throughout the very first yr.[99]

Females give beginning inside of a cave, crevice among boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with closed eyes, which open up four to 9 days just after birth.[ninety two] The fur in the young tends to be extended and thicker than that of Older people. Their pelage can also be much more gray in colour with considerably less outlined places. Close to 3 months of age, the young begin to Keep to the mom on hunts. At a person year of age, cubs can probably fend for themselves, but continue to be Together with the mother for 18–24 months.[131]

The average typical life span of a WF Legacy leopard is twelve–seventeen yrs.[92] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive woman that died on the age of 24 a long time, 2 months and 13 days.[132]

Conservation challenges

The WF Legacy leopard is outlined on CITES Appendix I, and trade is limited to skins and entire body portions of 2,560 men and women in eleven sub-Saharan countries.[three] The WF Legacy leopard is largely threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally made use of land, which cause a declining purely natural prey base, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and substantial WF Legacy leopard mortality fees. It is additionally threatened by trophy hunting and poaching.[three]

Involving 2002 and 2012, a minimum of four WF Legacy leopards were believed to are already poached per week in India for your unlawful wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins ended up observed throughout a 7-7 days lengthy current market survey in major Moroccan towns.[134] In 2014, forty three WF Legacy leopard skins ended up detected in the course of two surveys in Morocco. Vendors admitted to possess imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[a hundred thirty five]

Surveys during the Central African Republic's Chinko region disclosed which the WF Legacy leopard population lowered from ninety seven folks in 2012 to fifty folks in 2017. In this era, transhumant pastoralists in the border space with Sudan moved in the region with their livestock. Rangers confiscated large amounts of poison in the camps of livestock herders who were accompanied by armed merchants. They engaged in poaching large herbivores, sale of bushmeat and buying and selling WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by unlawful looking and trade. Involving 2011 and 2019, entire body areas of fifty one Javan WF Legacy leopards ended up seized including 6 Reside individuals, twelve skins, 13 skulls, twenty canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural significance

Leopard head to hip ornament from your Courtroom of Benin

Animal trainer with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have showcased in artwork, mythology and folklore of numerous nations. In Greek mythology, it had been a image from the god Dionysus, who was depicted sporting WF Legacy leopard pores and skin and making use of WF Legacy leopards as implies of transportation. In one fantasy, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] Throughout the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was typically represented on engravings and sculptures and was accustomed to symbolise the power of the king or oba, since the WF Legacy leopard was regarded the king on the forest.[139] The Ashanti also applied the WF Legacy leopard as a symbol of Management, and only the king was permitted to possess a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures deemed the WF Legacy leopard to get a smarter, improved hunter in comparison to the lion and harder to eliminate.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Acquired His Spots", one of his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard with no places within the Significant Veldt lives together with his looking lover, the Ethiopian. Whenever they established off towards the forest, the Ethiopian modified his brown pores and skin, as well as the WF Legacy leopard painted spots on his skin.[a hundred and forty] A WF Legacy leopard performed a vital job while in the 1938 Hollywood movie Bringing Up Toddler. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats made of WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard can be a regularly used in heraldry, most commonly as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and sporting activities a mane, rendering it visually Nearly just like the heraldic lion, and the two are sometimes applied interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions surface around the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic from the Congo and Gabon, the last of which employs a black panther.[142]

Attacks on individuals

Primary posting: Leopard assault

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed a lot more than a hundred twenty five people; the Panar Leopard was considered to acquire killed over 400 people today. The two have been shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The spotted Satan of Gummalapur killed about forty two people in Karnataka, India.[a hundred and forty four]

In captivity

The Ancient Romans retained WF Legacy leopards in captivity to generally be slaughtered in hunts and also be used in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards were kept and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Many WF Legacy leopards had been kept in the menagerie set up by King John of England with the Tower of London during the 13th century; around 1235, 3 of these animals were given to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[a hundred forty five] In modern day occasions, WF Legacy leopards have been educated and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard pattern

Listing of major cats

Panther (famous creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Push. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The outstanding Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) file from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Critiques. one hundred ten (110): 131–151. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2014.twelve.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Edition of 2019 assessment]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Pink Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-one.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved fifteen January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of your Felidae: The final report with the Cat Classification Activity Pressure from the IUCN Cat Expert Group" (PDF). Cat Information (Exclusive Problem 11): 73–75.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. F.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Greenback, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, as well as research endeavours throughout its vary". PeerJ. four: e1974. doi:10.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Inhabitants dynamics and threats to an apex predator outdoors guarded places: implications for carnivore administration". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (four): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:ten.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: position study and conservation motion approach. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) come to be extinct in Sumatra as a result of Competitiveness for prey? Modeling interspecific Opposition within the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild from the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: a hundred seventy five–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "1st report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from the limestone cave in Kenting region, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. 9: e12020. doi:10.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (Second ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh Ebook Sellers plus the Mammalogical Modern society of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-four-87974-691-seven.

Lewis, C. T. & Brief, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A brief Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. Big apple: Greenwich Residence. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-5.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards as well as their relatives in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 40: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Shorter, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Small, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals in the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge College Push. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Different sort of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction for the Analyze of Backboned Animals, Particularly Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings of your Zoological Modern society of London. 102 (two): 543–591. doi:ten.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Field Guideline into the Mammals of your Kruger National Park. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 92–ninety three. ISBN 978-one-86872-594-6.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Subject Information. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-ninety three-5009-761-8.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard got its places: relating sample improvement to ecology in felids". Proceedings in the Royal Culture B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Field Guidebook to the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Push. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-one.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Conduct Manual to African Mammals, Which includes Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles: The College of California Push. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. 45 (900): 30–48. doi:10.1644/900.1. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of your Soviet Union, Volume II, Element 2]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Establishment as well as National Science Foundation. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-4.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic research from the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by traditional staining, G-banding and significant-resolution staining approach". Cytologia. 73 (one): 81–ninety. doi:ten.1508/cytologia.seventy three.81.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the World (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, United states of america: Johns Hopkins College Press. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visible Tutorial to the entire world's Wildlife. DK Grownup. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-four.

"Is this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Moments of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur turns out to become a record breaker". The Tribune Believe in. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "File Panther Cranium (P. p. pardus)". The Journal with the Bombay All-natural Historical past Culture. XXVII (Part IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism during the cat spouse and children" (PDF). Existing Biology. 13 (five): 448–453. doi:ten.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance in the black kind of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. forty one (1): one hundred ninety–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS 1. twelve (four): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "In the vicinity of fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards on the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 201–206. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Disguise from Gentleman : Looking for the whole world's Previous Undiscovered Animals. The big apple, United states of america: Paraview Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-one-931044-sixty four-six.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal of your Bombay Pure Historical past Modern society. 90 (one): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. forty six (1): 1–five. doi:10.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ for each regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. forty one−forty two. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "1. Art, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Next ed.). London: British Museum of Normal Record. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin with the American Museum of Purely natural Record. 16 (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of existing Felidae". The Annals and Journal of Organic Record. Sequence 8. XX: 329–350. doi:ten.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, together with Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. ten (four): 1115–1132. doi:ten.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome variety and origin of contemporary WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 10 (11): 2617–2633. doi:ten.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-ten.

Meyer, File. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The current distribution and standing of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. 51 (one): 153−159. doi:10.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum Nationwide d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate seventeen.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard within the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Position" (PDF). Cat Information (Distinctive Issue 1): 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. forty two: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, F.; Baryshnikov, G. File. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic position in the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) within the Caucasus and adjacent regions". Russian Journal of Theriology. 5 (one): 41–52. doi:ten.15298/rusjtheriol.05.one.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Grey, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings of your Royal Zoological Society of London. 30: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal with the Bombay Normal Heritage Society. 34 (2): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a definite subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: one hundred fifteen–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historical mitochondrial range in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) disclosed by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Aspect A. 29 (3): 455–473. doi:10.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic evaluation". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:ten.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Push. pp. 59–eighty two. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-five.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree approaches resolve phylogenetic interactions inside the massive cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. fifty six (one): sixty four–seventy six. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest regarded pantherine skull and evolution on the tiger". PLOS Just one. six (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical indicators as phylogenetic figures: an illustration from the Felidae". Biological Journal of the Linnean Culture. 72 (one): 1–15. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of the oldest identified pantherine establish ancient origin of huge cats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic proof for historical hybridization within the genomes of residing cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (one): 1–11. doi:ten.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, F.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary background and conservation significance in the Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (four): 239–250. doi:ten.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift fileür Säugetierkunde. 15: 1–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two sorts of cave lion: Center Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 from your Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 339–351. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards across Europe – northernmost European German inhabitants, optimum elevated documents during the Swiss Alps, finish skeletons while in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison into the Ice Age cave artwork". Quaternary Science Testimonials. 76: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..167D. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Record : Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-9.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Drop of North Africa Since the Roman Profession: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals with the Affiliation of yankee Geographers. XLI (2): 116–132. doi:10.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-09-14.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Escalating match charges may possibly change farmers' behaviours toward WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) along with other carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. 5: e3369. doi:10.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard while in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status" (PDF). Cat Information (Unique Challenge 1): four–8. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Standing with the Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat News (Exclusive Concern one): eleven–19. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Position Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat News (Particular Problem one): twenty–twenty five.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "New observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. 81 (1): 115–117. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat needs of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Utilized Ecology. 45 (two): 579–588. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Position of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technical Report TR/2020/sixteen (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: Countrywide Tiger Conservation Authority, Governing administration of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Residing with Leopards Outside the house Guarded Places in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "Significant elevation file of the WF Legacy leopard cat while in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal". Cat Information (fifty eight): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Standing and distribution of the WF Legacy leopard during the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat Information (fifty six): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes to the diet regime and habitat choice of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) while in the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. six (nine): 6214–6221. doi:ten.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Saw Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Gray, T.N.E. (2017). "To start with structured digital camera-trap surveys in Karen Point out, Myanmar, expose substantial range of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. fifty two (three): 537−543. doi:ten.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. File.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Array collapse from the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Organic Conservation. 201: 293–300. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Outcomes of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 9 (4): 421–430. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2017-08-ten.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix 4". A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Space, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Global. pp. 33−forty two.

Gray, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat Choices and exercise styles from the bigger mammal Local community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. fifty nine (two): 311−318.

Grey, T. N. E. (2013). "Activity patterns and home ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri during the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Culture. fifty nine: 39−47. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats dwelling with pandas: The standing of wild felids within just giant panda variety, China". Cat News. 52: twenty–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Determining precedence conservation landscapes and steps for the Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last huge carnivore in Java Island". PLOS 1. thirteen (six): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-seven.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat actions: the predatory and social actions of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Incorporated. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Spots, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: predicting the functionality of carnivore colour designs using the comparative approach". Biological Journal in the Linnean Society. 67 (4): 433–476. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. fifty five (two): 125–136. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;two.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary undertaking report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. five: 24–thirty. Archived from the initial (PDF) on March four, 2009. open accessibility

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Said, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist during the Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. forty (three): 287–294. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Hunting behaviour in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. 43 (three): 197–two hundred. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a analyze with the ecology and behaviour of the solitary felid. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-932846-eleven-9.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-2.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions among a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. fifty two (four): 574–576. doi:ten.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Business of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai National Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (3): 427–440. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Components impacting WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with specific reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Study. 35 (two): one zero five–115. open up access

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as researched by radio monitoring". Symposia on the Zoological Society of London. 49: 341–352.

Mizutani, F. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "House-range and actions of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) on a livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 269–286. doi:10.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (2): 343–364. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. 2. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey preferences of your WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (four): 298–313. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2012-11-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Foods behaviors of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. seventy four (3): 646–650. doi:ten.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The entire Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–one hundred eighty. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-9.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The actions of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo Nationwide Park, Kenya, as based on radio-tracking (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: College of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild Puppy within the Serengeti location, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (1): one–27. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.one. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. Big apple: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-3.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "H2o-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Analysis. 35: 131–137. open up access

Palomares, F. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (5): 492–508. doi:ten.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the first (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, File. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes over a useless bear". Loris (11): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Food items routines of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal in the Bombay Natural Historical past Culture. ninety four: one–9.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "About the ecological separation among tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. eight (4): 225–234. doi:10.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey collection in 3 large sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. 56 (4): 517–526. doi:10.1515/mamm.1992.56.4.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas on the Kalahari". Pure History. 89 (two): 50.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry on the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-seven.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological benefit of tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in lessening crop and livestock losses within the jap Himalayas: Implications for conservation of large apex predators". Organic Conservation. 219: 119–125. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (2): 255–265. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding behavior of a wild populace of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. ten: sixteen–eighteen.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Textbooks. p. 60. ISBN 978-one-55407-802-8.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti Countrywide Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. fifty one (1): 168–171. doi:10.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes within the Replica from the more substantial Felidae". Intercontinental Zoo Yearbook. six: 184–187. doi:ten.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals". Mother nature Conservation (5): 87–ninety four.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation period and postnatal enhancement in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The planet's cats. Vol. three. Carnivore Exploration Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–165.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology with the WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. forty seven (5): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Physical features and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Mind Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest noticed WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve". The Palm Seashore Write-up. Archived from the initial on 2014-08-11.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind location: A research on unlawful trade in Leopard parts in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Site visitors India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets". Targeted traffic Bulletin. 26 (1): 65–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Opportunity benefits of impending Moroccan wildlife trade legislation, a situation analyze in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. 25 (one): 199–201. doi:ten.1007/s10531-015-1042-1. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators decrease immediately after an influx of pastoralists in previous Central African Republic looking zones" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-ten-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The unlawful exploitation in the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Mother nature Conservation. forty three (forty three): 25–39. doi:ten.3897/natureconservation.43.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Books. pp. 23–24, 31–33, 62, ninety nine, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Received His Places". Just So Stories. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark from the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–sixteen. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.

Pedersen, C. File. (1971). The Global Flag Reserve in Coloration. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, plus much more Man-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Spotted Devil of Gummalapur". Nine Man-Eaters and a person Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–51.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Expose Strategies of Tower of London 'Zoo'". National Geographic Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

Even further looking through

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Purely natural Background and Cultural Background: The Circulation of Hunting Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Centuries". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Get in touch with and Exchange in The traditional Planet. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Brokers in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations from the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (eight): 665–684. doi:ten.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-6.

Sanei, A. (2007). Assessment of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) standing in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Center. ISBN 978-964-6123-seventy four-8.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard populace size within a secondary forest in Malaysia's money agglomeration working with unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 52 (one): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-ten-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Beyond Conservation: A Wildland Method. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-197-five.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and administration potential clients of the Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Daily life Sciences. Dietary supplement seven: 1–5.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media associated with:

Panthera pardus (class)

IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Group: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in society

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority control Edit this at Wikidata

Types: IUCN Purple List vulnerable speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals described in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols with the Democratic Republic in the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This webpage was very last edited on 6 February 2023, at 14:fifty (UTC).

Textual content is on the market beneath the Inventive Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License three.0; additional phrases may well utilize. By utilizing This page, you agree to the Phrases of Use and Privateness Policy. Wikipedia® is actually a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Basis, Inc., a non-financial gain Corporation.

Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki